New Questions About Ielts Essay Task 2 Samples Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About Ielts Essay Task 2 Samples Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report Finding Ielts Essay Task 2 Samples Online Adding a number of the winning elements from the sample essays below will supply you with the additional marks you will need to be a high-scorer on the IELTS. No matter what kind of essay you're writing. Ultimately, writing a brief essay will enable you to return and repair any errors you have made. A well-structured essay has a fantastic introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect together, and a great conclusion. The major body of the essay ought to be separated into three paragraphs. There was a massive gender disparity between faculties of distinct departments. An important distinction as you will notice below. The main reason why IELTS was made in the very first place was supposed to test the capability of a man or woman concerning the English language. The other thing, it is going to be helpful if you'll avoid informal means of writing like the use of abbreviations etc.. Knowing the common topics are able to help you get ready for the test better. Attempt to use the synonyms for the exact same instead, if you have to use the very same word. Before beginning writing, it helps to note down a couple critical words of vocabulary to help save you trouble later. You need to make certain you use the right verb tense and the proper aspect simple or continuous based on what you would like to say. The classical techniques of teaching always centered on the lecture format and examination. While planning you generate ideas and if you're well conscious of IELTS writing task 2 types, you can choose the appropriate structure too. It's wise that you go for a persuasive language as a way to communicate with the reader as it is an amazing convincing tool. The Ultimate Ielts Essay Task 2 Samples Trick If you're more interested in the end result of the action, then use the easy aspect. Planning and preparation reveal that you're deliberate about what you would like. If you would like to concentrate on the continuity of the action, utilize the continuous aspect. The info you make it from the Requirements can help you to better strategize. Ielts Essay Task 2 Samples Help! Certainly, money is a significant role in our lives. Certainly, it plays a n important part in our lives. So, for many, it may appear appropriate to marry for money as opposed to love. To a lot of men and women, it's appropriate to marry for money instead of love. Secondly, Facebook also has social groups that offer individuals an opportunity to meet and take part in discussions with those who share common interests. Find somebody who will supply you with accurate and beneficial feedback on your work. These steps would help you to get ready for the test in a more systematic and effective method. Thinking of good ideas is among the most difficult regions of the test for a number of people. If you wish to discuss general things which you do regularly, then you will need the current simple. Folks attend colleges or universities for a great deal of different factors. IELTS is among the most recognized examinations around the world. You may take my online IELTS Writing Practice Test anywhere on earth and find a score, corrections, and feedback in only two days. Below you'll find all you will need to accomplish a high score in IELTS Writing Task 2. My online IELTS Writing Practice Test will demonstrate how to improve by an entire band score in only two days. Writing requires a large academic vocabulary. Studying hard is excellent, but don't neglect to study smart. Train every one of the 4 regions of the exam (Speaking, Reading, Listening and Writing), even if you're excellent at a number of them. For that reason, it's better to think while writing too, not merely afterwards.

Health Assessment Essay - 4586 Words

Abstract Throughout this complete health assessment, I will approach my patient, a 49 years old, female, married patient, and perform a head to toe examination. Starting with the gathering of information, I will start with biographic data, reason for seeking care, present illness, past health history, family history, functional assessment, perception of health, head to toe examination, and baseline measurements. The subjective data will be collected first, where the patient will provide necessary information about every organ system for further examination while the objective data will be amassed in every system based on my findings. This assignment serves as an opportunity to establish a nurse-client interpersonal relationship that†¦show more content†¦Stopped after 6 months because of drowsiness. 1990: Diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease, which resolved after three months on cimetidine. She describes no history of cancer, lung disease or previous heart disease. Allergy: Penicillin; experienced rash and hives in 1985. Social History Alcohol use: 1 or 2 beers each weekend; 1 glass of wine once a week with dinner. Tobacco use: None. Medications: No prescription or illegal drug use. Occasional OTC ibuprofen (Advil) for headache (QOD). Accidents or Injuries: No automobile accident. Immunizations: Childhood immunizations up to date. Last influenza, â€Å"probably 2 years ago†. No TB skin test. Last Examinations: Last examination 2 weeks ago, general check up, told â€Å"normal†. Yearly clinical breast examination (CBE), mammography, told â€Å"normal†. Yearly Pap smear, last performed January last year, 2010. Last visit to oncologist, 2008, told â€Å"normal†. Current medications: Prescribed Antacids, Nexium, q24h, or when pain is severe, Tylenol 500 mg, PO, q12h. ------------------------------------------------- Family History R.M is the first youngest child, two sisters, healthy, parents married, father had chronic alcoholism, mother remains in perfect general health, not known disease or condition. Grandmother on father’s side T.E, died at age 78, from cardiac arrest; Grandfather on father’s side, R.M, died at age 45, from automobile accident; Grandmother on mother’s side, L.S, suffered from Parkinson, died at age 79,Show MoreRelatedAssessment Of A Nursing Health Assessment1895 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is assessment? Assessment in nursing has been influenced by the problem-solving framework of the nursing process and nursing models. Assessment of need is fundamental to the care process and has received much attention in correspondence to the establishment of eligibility criteria for long-term care (RCN, 2004). 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Teen Credit Cards free essay sample

Don’t you think life would’ve been easier if you had a credit card when you were younger? Most people wouldn’t think, but you more than likely would have had a better future. Given a credit card and proper instruction, college bound teens would more than likely know how to better prepare for debt. It’s likely that learning about credit cards at an earlier age, maybe 14 or 15, would help in the long run. You don’t even really need to have one, just learn about the risks and benefits. Maybe you’re down in your luck, stuck on the endless rollercoaster of credit card debt. But maybe this wasn’t always inevitable. It’s likely that if your parents allowed you and taught you how to own a credit card when you were younger, you would know how to act in a debt situation. Many parents should, â€Å"Consider starting your teen off with a credit card tied to your account. Not only will your teen inherit your good credit rating, but it will also allow you to see how much they are spending. Consider having your teen only use the credit card for emergencies to start with, and then encourage only charging what can be paid off in-full when the bill arrives. This hopefully will curb your teen from taking advantage of the credit card, as it is very easy to let charging get out of control†(Tips for your). But you probably won’t actually have to own a credit card if you don’t believe you’re ready. Maybe all you need is an understanding. † What’s funny is that it would be great if, by the time you get to college, you actually already had a background in what credit cards are, how they really work, what they want you to do, what they don’t want you to do, and the truthful role that they play in your future finances. It’s one thing to establish a FICO Score, which everybody needs. It’s another thing, however, to emerge from college with a bad FICO Score, which most students do today. Because students don’t nderstand that when they get one of these credit cards, if they go over their credit limit, if they are not on-time in paying their credit card bills, that in fact that’s reported to the credit bureau†¦One of the easiest ways to establish credit, believe it or not, is when you are younger, when you are 12, 13, 14, if your parents have good FICO scores, if your parents are responsible, if your parents simply added you on †“ at that time – to all of their cards as an authorized user, they don’t have to give you a card, they don’t have to let you know that they did that, then their FICO scores would become your FICO scores. You would establish credit based on their history† (Orman). So parents, that means at early ages, a teens credit card is partly your responsibility, and the teen has to learn everything from you. Having a credit card isn’t just about money and learning money management, even though that’s what it seems like. It’s also about teaching life lessons like responsibility. â€Å"Many parents choose to give their teenager a credit card because it increases their sense of responsibility and because it helps to educate them about handling money. Issuing credit cards for teens is a safe and convenient way for kids to learn about credit cards, budgeting, and general finances. Learning proper money management is a big advantage for a teenager and will be useful in the future† (Garrett). Not only does having a credit card give a sense of responsibility, but also a small amount of debt can have positive influences in a teen’s self-esteem and self-view. Researchers have had two competing views of how debt might affect people’s self-concept, Dwyer said. Some have said debt should have positive effects because it helps people invest in their future† (Grabmeier). So even with debt, owning a credit card is a rewarding experience. Even though giving younger teens a credit card to help them would be a great idea on paper, sometimes it can be risky because teens probably won’t know everything, and might end up in a tight spot. Say, for instance, there is a teen that believes they should get whatever they want, no matter what it costs, like a $300 t-shirt, â€Å"That type of behavior goes into college, where she’s now given a credit card, and she now starts to rebel and she buys everything and anything she wants on that credit card because she wants to look like the other kids, she wants to feel like the other kids. The truth of the matter is you have to think beyond that†¦ think beyond this one sweater or this one, cool deal on eBay, or on Amazon, and that you’re saving money. It’s not. Are you saving money? † It’s, â€Å"Is this a need? Or is this a want? † Because when you graduate college, when you are on your own, as life goes further on, you may be the one responsible for the student loan debt that you’ve created (Orman). Not only is irresponsibility sometimes a big issue with credit, but there are also many other dangers, such as identity theft. à ¢â‚¬Å"Young people, 18-29 years of age, are the number one target for identity thieves, according to Quest, a communications company that is working to raise awareness of the issue (Schonberger). Identity theft can happen at any time, and any place, and some teens might not know how to handle it if it ever happens. However, if a teen is taught early by their parents that everything that they do will have an impact on their future, and that the credit card isn’t just a piece of plastic that hands out free money with no strings attached, then teens would have a much smaller chance of forcing themselves into debt and may be more cautious with their credit card safety. The key†¦ is the involvement of parents in teaching children how to use both credit and debit cards—and in monitoring their childrens use of plastic. You dont give a child a musical instrument and say, ‘Plunk around on this for a while a see if you can learn to play,’ she said. ‘The act of giving kids a credit card or a debit card isnt going to give them good money-management habits. There has to be teaching and practicing’† (Levine). Parents always play an importa nt role in their teen’s education; why stop with school, when you can teach something useful. Younger people should get credit cards or at least an education in them, because it would apply necessary life lessons and prepare them for their future. Sending a teen headfirst into life without help or guidance probably isn’t the best idea. If you don’t think your teen is ready for a credit card, play it safe and set them up with a secured credit card. Secured credit cards, where you or your children (or both) deposit a certain amount into an account, and your children can learn how to manage money the way most adults do.

Place of Perfect Content free essay sample

The sun rises at 5:30 over the San Bernardino Mountains. The sky shifts from total darkness, to an array of pinks and oranges, to a final stage of staggering blue. The sky shines as a backlight on the rolling hills of redwood trees. Deer frolic in the morning dew. The world begins anew atop the mountain I love. The mountain is home to many adventures, from amazing wildlife scenes, to science camps, to summer camp. The latter of the three shapes my life. As a counselor, I had only the time to work for six one-week sessions before returning to school. And this was the final day of my last session. On my final day, I chose to take the time to absorb just how great the world is. I wake up on my final morning at 4:30 am. I finish my packing in the dark. I silently move about the room in an attempt to not wake any of my sleeping campers. We will write a custom essay sample on Place of Perfect Content or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I pack, and then I venture outside to watch my final Pali Mountain sunrise of the year. This final sunrise marked the end of my summer camp work for the year. My adventure for the summer was over, however, my life will forever reflect my outstanding experiences on that mountain. The characters that I called my coworkers shaped my world. These people all came to the mountain for the same reason, to give each camper the best summer of his or her life. Even on my final day, they never fail to make me smile. My day begins flashy and adventurous. I choose to sabotage anyone I please with water balloons or shaving cream as I make my way to the large wooden rustic dining hall. As I enter the dining hall, trendy music is blasting as three hundred other counselors and campers sing along. I voyage through the hall in bliss, for I am who I choose to be, and I am accepted. I am loud. I sing. I dance. I dress vividly. I am happy. My friends are happy too. We are constantly dressing in odd costumes and talking with strange accents. We promote fun with an emphasis on safety. As I sit at my table amongst my Cabin of 10 smiling campers, I work to make sure every camper is ready and excited for his day. I sat on the edge of my chair that morning, expecting the unexpected. Ready to pounce out of my chair and dance in the aisle. I wait patiently as I hear the iPod changing to â€Å"The Cupid Shuffle.† I jump full force out of my seat and into the aisle to perform the associated dance with my co-counselors. The kids cheer. I hear sounds of joy coming from different campers as they see us do what might ordinarily be considered embarrassing. I smile knowing that I have some of my very greatest friends by my side. Every activity we do is considered strange to some level. This camp is a place of freedom and self-expression. When I finally return to my seat, I sit anticipating for the ultimate camp song to play, à ¢â‚¬Å"Living on a Prayer.† To this song, the entire camp stands on their chairs and sings at the top of their lungs. Every day I know this song is going to play, but I am enthusiastic nonetheless. I love the glisten in my campers’ eyes as I come up with a new dance move in my final breakfast. I grin from ear to ear. This world around me grinned too. Every moment was full of excitement. This world has given me the self-esteem to know that I will be loved for being who I am. I mustn’t conform to what our society expects. If I want to lip-sync to Rihanna, I will lip sync to Rihanna. I make every moment of my day an adventure. And I will live the rest of my days as I lived at camp, cheerful and grinning. My main goal in life is to serve others, as I have served my campers at camp. I plan to make people happy and healthy so they can live their lives to the extent that they choose. I love seeing joy in others and plan to spread joy as far as possible.

American Pie review essays

American Pie review essays American Pie, 1999, Directed by Paul and Chris Weitz, Written by Adam Herz Jason Biggs- Jim Levinstein, Chris Klein- Chris Oz Ozstreicher American Pie is a movie that centers around four normal teenagers, two of whom who are experienced with sex and two who have no idea what third base feels like, to which one of the friends exclaims, feels like warm apple pie. The movie is a funny ride through the last couple weeks of the high school career of these men. The men make a pact to all have sex by the end of prom night, giving them a few weeks to try and seal the deal. The men find that losing their virginity isnt as easy as it seems, as they each encounter their problems. Jim (Jason), seems to be a late bloomer to the world of sex and displays a video on the internet that gets him into trouble with all of the girls in the school, except for band geek Michelle (Alyson Hannigan). Kevin (Thomas Ian Nicholas) has a girlfriend but she doesnt think the time is right for sex, but after reading the sex dictionary in the school library, he convinces her that prom night is the time. Chris (Klein) joins a vocal jazz choir and meet s a girl in there who he decides to take to prom but after seeing a incident involving Chris best friend Steve Stifler (Seann William Scott) degrading her in front of the whole lacrosse team she decides its a bad idea. After some begging Chris finally gets her to go with him again. Finch is the worst off of the group, as he pays a girl to spread some rumors about him but still cant find a date after Stifler puts some ex-lax in his mochachinno and embarrasses him in front of the whole student body. One of the best aspects of the movie, is its crude humor. The jokes probably wont seem funny to adults or young children who wont understand the humor, but one of its biggest draws is that its not afraid to do what other films are afraid to do. In a s...

The #1 Way to Solve Business Disputes

The #1 Way to Solve Business Disputes As a business owner, I want my relationships with both clients and vendors to run smoothly 100% of the time. In actuality, of course, business dealings sometimes involve conflict. Although I am not exactly a conflict avoider, I don’t enjoy it either (I left the legal profession almost 6 years ago for that reason and have never looked back)! Nevertheless, I strongly believe that when faced head-on and handled well, conflict can lead to greater trust and a foundation for long-term success. Whether you are a client or a business owner, you might possibly have experienced conflict in a business relationship, or if not, then you might possibly experience it in the future. Below are some situations I have faced, and which have had different outcomes based on one predominant factor. This factor makes the difference between a happy customer and a dissatisfied one. Commitment to Excellence at The Essay Expert I have a team of writers at The Essay Expert who do top-level work, and 95% of our clients are satisfied with the first draft of their resume and LinkedIn profile. I am proud of that number; and I am even prouder that for the small number of clients who have issues with their first write-ups, we are able to create happy clients 99% of the time. The writers who work with me are fully committed to satisfying our clients and they go the extra mile to accommodate each person’s preferences. In the end, I believe that the most important value we offer is our commitment to doing the work required to satisfy every client. Clients leave feeling like we truly partnered with them to meet their needs. Sometimes I face a situation where a client and writer are not a perfect match. In these cases, if the client speaks up right away (which I encourage them to do), I first determine whether we can resolve the situation with the current writer. If not, I assign the project to another, more senior writer or, in rare cases, step in myself. If any uncorrectable human errors have occurred, I will always offer a partial refund. I am always available for discussion and negotiation, and will do everything I can to reach an agreement and satisfactory resolution. Sometimes the clients who become The Essay Expert’s biggest fans are those who were not satisfied initially, and with whom we worked tirelessly to remedy the situation. In fact, just this week, one such client referred a connection who hired us for a resume and LinkedIn package. How to Handle – and Not Handle – Billing Disputes I am a client to other companies as well as a business owner, and this week I experienced both excellent and poor customer service. In one situation, I raised issues about the service I was receiving and questioned the validity of some charges on their invoice. Despite the fact that I have been a client of this business for two years and have never questioned an invoice before, the owner refused to discuss the issue, instead telling me that the firm no longer would be working with me. I stated my desire to work things out and he still refused, though he did tell me to pay whatever I wanted and they would write off the rest. I was left with a negative impression and if anyone asks me about that business I will tell them how I was treated. In contrast, with another firm, when we ran into an issue where a job they were doing for me went over budget, I agreed to their terms and requested something in return from  them that I felt would be a good trade. They thanked me for my communication and agreed to give me what I asked for. I was left with a positive impression and will continue to refer business to that firm. The #1 Factor: Customer Service (Plus†¦) In each of these cases, what made the difference? Customer service. That’s the #1 factor to watch when addressing business conflict. Good customer service can turn conflict into good will. Bad customer service can create ongoing negativity. Also note that someone has to start the conversation about the issue at hand if anything is to be done about it. When my clients do not tell me they are dissatisfied, I am at a big disadvantage. I can’t resolve an issue I don’t know about. It’s therefore essential to ask clients about their experience consistently so that they have an opportunity to voice any concerns. Showing interest in the quality of their experience is a key piece to customer service. Once an issue is aired, I have found that it’s very helpful to hold a strong vision for the relationship. Whichever party states a vision, the other party often aligns with it. This alignment sets the stage for a satisfactory resolution. In rare cases, one party might state a vision for an amicable ongoing relationship and the other does not join that vision; in this situation, the conflict will likely not be resolved. Thankfully, most of us as human beings are wired to want to work well with other human beings. And most businesses have a strong commitment to good customer service. That commitment, when put into action, creates a foundation where almost any conflict can be resolved. If you have stories of good customer service or more ideas of how to resolve business conflicts, please share below!

Free topic Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Free topic - Research Proposal Example Already established mobile network providers such as Verizon Wireless, AT&T and T-Mobile are considered first by customers who want to use mobile phones (Scollon, 2011). This, therefore, in a way, leaves a monopolistic advantage to these network providers. They dictate prices in the mobile network industry, which is, at times, on the higher side. Since they do not face any worthy competition from other players in this field, or the competition is minimal, they can continue dictating their prices, leaning towards the higher side. However, if a player or many players managed to enter this market effectively, it would force the already established players to ease their tariffs in order to counter the competition they face (Simmons, 2010). Mobile network providers entering this market should look to market their brands effectively through various mediums such as the social media and other promotion platforms in order effectively to build their brand. This will ensure that the prices are eased by the already present players in order to beat the completion brought by the newcomers (McCarthy,

Strategy Formulation (IP Unit 3) Research Paper

Strategy Formulation (IP Unit 3) - Research Paper Example The process of strategy formulation just like that for decision-making follows a six steps procedure that must not be followed chronologically but must be integrated conclusively. It is therefore quiet useful to consider strategy formulation as part of strategic management that entails the diagnostic approach, Formulation and implementation. Diagnosis involves performing a situation analysis where the internal environment of the organization is analyzed while implementation is a stage in formulation where the strategies that are considered appropriate for the operations of the company are put to practice, monitoring, and evaluation (Day, 1986). Strategy formulation is a six steps module that is incorporated under three main aspects. The steps entail - first setting the organizational goals and objectives, which must be long-term in nature, the objectives, reiterates the state of being there while a strategy shows us how to reach there. After the objectives are well laid, environmenta l scanning is done which entails the review of both the external and internal environments which range from economic to industrial and in which the organization at stake operates (Day, 1986). The management then sets quantitative targets to be achieved through the set organizational objectives. This is to aid comparison with the long-term customers and realize their input and contribution to the overall missions and visions of the organization. The next step is to aim overall goals with divisional outputs where the contributions made by each department are quantified and consolidated. Then performance analysis if done where the gap between the planned and the desired performance is analyzed. A strategy is then chosen from the alternatives projected, considering the organizational goals, strengths, and actual potential visa vi the external environment, a choice is made. As pointed out earlier by Day (1986), strategy formulation is crafted under three major aspects, which involves; co rporate level strategy, competitive strategy and functional strategy. Corporate level strategy is concerned majorly of the vast decisions around the total organization’s scope and direction so that there are detected changes to be made to realize growth objective for a given firm. Competitive strategy is aimed at making decisions on how the company should compete to remain relevant in its line of business (LOB) or its strategic business units (SBU). Functional strategy on the other hand deals with how each of the available functional areas is likely to carry out its functional activities (Day, 1986). "FIRST-MOVER" THEORY OR "LATE-MOVER" THEORY Our case is the competitive business strategy where the management is faced with the situation of whether to dev elope a completely new brand of a product or simply produce the already existing brand that a competitor in the same industry is involved. This they expect to do through either the, â€Å"first mover theory† or â€Å" late mover theory† (Green & Ryans, 1990). Timing of the market by most firms is a very important aspect of their operation. This can either be early entry into the market or late entries hence the two theories. Furthermore, market entry timing decisions are the bridge between the functional strategy and the corporate business strategy, therefore, when timing and scope decisions are combined there is always a realization of a superior market (Green & Ryans, 1990). First movers into the market are normally likely to benefit from above normal

Environmental Groups Essay Example for Free

Environmental Groups Essay Environmental Groups Tiffany Tremaine May 2, 2011 Environmental Policies 310 Instructor: David Monda Environmental Working Group known as EWG is an Environmental interest group working to protect kids from toxic chemicals in our food, water, air, and other products we use every day. The mission of the Environmental Working Group is to use the power of public information to protect public health and the environment. EWG is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization, founded in 1993 by Ken Cook and Richard Wiles. In 2002, we founded the EWG Action Fund, a 501(c) (4) organization that advocates on Capitol Hill for health-protective and subsidy-shifting policies. EWG specializes in providing useful resources (like Skin Deep and the EWGs Shoppers Guide to Pesticidesâ„ ¢) to consumers while simultaneously pushing for national policy change. EWG two main goals are to protect the most vulnerable segments of the human population—children, babies, and infants in the womb—from health problems attributed to a wide array of toxic contaminants and to replace federal policies, including government subsidies that damage the environment and natural resources, with policies that invest in conservation and sustainable development. Their research brings to light unsettling facts that you have a right to know. It shames and shakes up polluters and their lobbyists. It rattles politicians and shapes policy. It persuades bureaucracies to rethink science and strengthen regulation. It provides practical information you can use to protect your family and community. And because our investigations and interactive websites tend to make news, youve probably heard about them. EWG primary funding is donations, grants, corporations backing, as well as interest and support from every day people. The cost is whatever the member (supporter) would like to donate. There are many different ways to donate and the donations can either be tax right offs or not. EWG gives many ways to donate, credit card or check, and their supporters can either make a one-time contribution or pay monthly. The donation helps support EWG Action Funds Kid-Safe Chemicals Campaign fight for organic produce, get dangerous chemicals out of your food and water, and protect your favorite national parks from mining destruction. In 2009 and 2010 EWG have accomplished Toxic chemical reform, Energy policy, Banning BPA, Highlighting cell phone radiation risks, Shedding light on secret chemicals, Pushing for more effective sunscreens, Banning phthalates, Phasing out Deca, Protecting ground water from gas-drilling chemicals, Saving the Grand Canyon, and Fighting for safer tap water. EWG motives, viewpoints, and organizational features make them successful in the public policy arena. This Environmental Working Group is successful in the public policy arena. After researching just a couple of their accomplishments are in the public arena. References Z. Smith, 2009, The Environmental Policy Paradox, 5th Edition 1993, http://www. ewg. org/

Trouble Down South Essay -- US-Mexico Border

Early in our school years we are taught the importance of staying away from drugs and their harmful effects. We live in a nation surrounded by drugs and the culture that surrounds them. Drugs inhabit our everyday lives through the mediums we come in contact with on a daily basis. Most people cannot go through their day without running into a drug reference of some sort on their phones or televisions. However, with all the drugs in our nation, many Americans do not take the time to wonder where they came from or how they got here. The most common answer is the U.S.-Mexico border (Gootenberg 2). As officials worry about the number of illegal immigrants that sneak into the nation, they seem less concerned about the amount of drug content that is smuggled in as well. With high-powered groups such as Los Zetas and the Sinaloans controlling Mexico’s drug world with violence and terrorism, our southern neighbor has a problem that has remained uncontrollable for the past twenty years (Gootenberg 4). Mexico has not always been infested with drugs. The current drug problems stem back to the cocaine boom of the 1980s in Columbia and U.S. efforts to eliminate trades in the 80s and 90s (Gootenberg 1, 2). During the boom, Columbian drug systems were organized in major cities such as Miami and New York. As the mid-80s approached, there were an approximated 22 million cocaine users in the United States (Gootenberg 2). With such success came a rapid expansion of the cocaine market, and it also led to more competition. As this competition rose, the Columbians were forced to insert hit men into the U.S to fight off their Cuban rivals (2). The violence caused by the Columbian markets forced the U.S. president to get involved. Presidents such as Rea... ...iven a broader base in the U.S. President Calderon is visibly unable to control the cartels in his own country, and is in dire need of some assistance. It is a responsibility of the United States to help its’ neighbor before it is too late. Mexican drug cartels have been rising to power since the demise of the Medellin cartel in 1980. They came to power thanks to the blowback effect caused by the United States (Gootenberg 3). With recent U.S. presidential decisions, our nation is doing little to help its neighbor (Kellner and Pipitone 37). Mexico has been left to find its own solution; it will be up to the minds of president Calderon and his fellow governors to find a peaceful way to eliminate the terror that has gripped their nation by the throat. That is, if the competition and hunger for territory and power don’t cause the cartels to destroy each other first.

Employment and Absenteeism Problem Essay

Absenteeism refers to unauthorised absence of the worker from his job. According to Benefits Interface (Edited 2010: 1 of 4) absenteeism can be defined as ‘failure of employees to report for work when they are scheduled to work’. Employees who are away from work on recognized holidays, vacations, approved leaves of absence allowed for under the collective agreement provisions are not included. In South Africa, managers consider absenteeism their most serious discipline problem (Nadlangisa, 2003). Absenteeism is not unique to any particular geographical area or industry. It is a major problem for every organisation, particularly since downsizing and other lean changes have left employers with a smaller workforce (Grobler, Warnich, et al, 2006: 123) According to a recent study conducted by AIC Insurance, companies and the country’s economy are losing more than R12 billion annually due to absenteeism in South Africa. In 2000, 0. 7 million workers were absent from work, which is a fraction compared to the 397% leap it took up until 2012 (Goldberg, 2012). Employees are often considered to be a company’s most valuable asset and according to Hamilton-Atwell (2003: 56-61) one of the best ways to increase profitably is by increasing the returns on this asset. Reducing absenteeism is one of the most overlooked methods of reducing costs According to Goldberg (2012) managing absence is critical for all organisations, as the negative impact that they feel with regards to efficiency, operations and cost- effectiveness is enormous. Whatever the causes, absenteeism is costing the country and its businesses heavily and therefore needs to be addressed. Many employers, however, choose to disregard the possibility that there may be issues in the workplace causing poor performance and absenteeism. It makes sound economic sense to address any such issues and pro-actively encourage improved employee performance. This research framework focuses on a medium-sized local organisation, which has asked to not be mentioned. Therefore it shall be referred to as Organisation X. 3 2. Problem identification The failure to show up for work creates problems of varying degrees for managers and administrators. Excessive employee absenteeism can decrease productivity and profits significantly, creating numerous problems for supervisors and the employees who work regularly (Carrell & Kuzmits, 1992: 735). 2. 1. Problem Statement The motivation for this research will be discussed by highlighting problems related to employee absenteeism as experienced within Organisation X Main Problem Unauthorized employee absenteeism from Organisation X and the actions that might be implemented to reduce this due to the fact that absenteeism causes a liability to the company. Sub-Problems The unauthorised employee absenteeism is leading to an overall decrease in: i. Cost- effectiveness – Profitability ii. Operations – Production iii. Efficiency – Competitiveness 2. 2. Explanation of problems: Financial Costs Overtime and agency costs for replacing workers are incurred. Administrative Costs Staff time required to secure replacement employees and to re-assign the remaining employees. Staff time is required to maintain and control absenteeism. 4 Decrease in Productivity The employees that come to work daily carry an extra workload and support new or replacement staff. Also they are required to train and orient new or replacement workers, which cause them to neglect and disregard their own work. The work group itself has a considerable stake in absenteeism, particularly with respect to morale. People in work groups are very sensitive to equity. If one member takes excessive and perceived inappropriate absences without some equitable cost to that individual, other group members are often affected. They take revenge by going absent themselves, o lowering the productivity of the group as a whole (Furham, 2000: 377). Possible reasons for the absenteeism rate in Organisation X Lack of commitment Employees are simply not interested in their work or concerned about the success of the organization. This can stem from low wages or low employee morale, which might be caused by poor treatment by management or an unpleasant working environment. Also the length of service within the company will determine the commitment to the work and the workplace. Lack of consequence The lack of consequences, e. g. no incentives for strong attendance or no punishment for poor attendance leads to increased absenteeism of the employees. Also employee packages that allow for a lot of absence can lead to workers abusing this. Poor working conditions Employees might feel that they receive poor treatment from managers, work in an unpleasant or stressful working environment, have long working hours a lack of breaks, are given an excessive workload or there is too much strict supervision. Personal factors Although there is a fair bit of absenteeism that could have been avoided, employees are often away from work for ‘valid’ reasons. Examples may include domestic 5 problems (bad housing conditions, family issues) and consequent worries, social and religious causes, problems with transport facilities or accidents/ illnesses (Hamilton-Atwell, 2003: 82-95) 2. 3. Research questions I. What are the main factors causing employees to be absent from work? II. Is one specific group of people more absent than another (e. g. male/female, old/young)? III. What are the current disciplinary actions within Organisation X’s Human Resource Department? IV. What is the behaviour of the employees towards these disciplinary actions? V. What are the possible and most suitable solutions for Organisation X? 2. 4. Possible solutions for the absenteeism problem include, but are not limited to the following: Consequences To avoid absenteeism as much as possible the company should implement positive/ negative consequences for strong/ weak attendance. Examples may include offering rewards and incentives, e. g. monetary bonuses, simple raise or recognition (Employee of the month) for strong attendance and punish employees with poor records and unexcused absence (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008: 248). Work-Life Balance According to Chick (2004: 67) managers should allow employees to be able to have or create a work-life balance, as this can reduce the stress levels they are exposed to. Dual income households have increased over the last decades and longer working hours are expected. Managers need to help their employees to manage the numerous and sometimes competing demands in their lives. Employees need to achieve a balance between their work responsibilities and their personal life (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008: 251). Follow-ups The Supervisors need to sit down with the employees when they return from an absence to discuss the reason for absence, if the absence could have been 6 prevented and the implications of absenteeism on the company (if it is a common occurrence for this employee). 3. Hypotheses I. Females are more absent from work then men II. Individuals in any relationship are more absent than singles III. Employees with children are more absent than those without children IV. Employees below 40 are absent from work more frequently V. Current disciplinary actions are not perceived as a reason for employees to reduce the absenteeism VI. Implementing other stricter disciplinary actions will reduce the rate of employee absenteeism 4. Objectives The Objectives of the project are: To understand and analyze: I. The main causes of absenteeism in Organisation X. II. The current disciplinary actions taken by the HR department for reducing absenteeism. III. The attitude of employees towards these disciplinary actions. IV. The factors to be considered in order to reduce absenteeism. V. Suggestions that can be given to the management to improve the regular attendance of the employees in the company.

Exceptionalities in a classroom Essay

In any teaching-learning activity, there are major challenges that arise and must be addressed with a lot of concern if the success of the learners is to be achieved. In any given learning environment, which narrows down to a school setting, there must be a classroom whereby learning process takes place. A classroom consists of quite a number of learners who are from different ethic groups, different cultures and also different races. This therefore calls the teacher to understand that in every given population of learners there are diverse attributes among the learners and hence treat each learner according to his/her needs. In working with students with exceptionalities in my classroom, my main concern will be identification of the factor that makes such a student be an exceptional student. In the first place, I will be concerned with identifying the students who are physically challenged by simply using observation (Schulte, Villwock, Whichard & Stallings, 2001). Through close observation, those students who are visually impaired, hard–of hearing and those who are dumb are easily identified. It is very important to identify such group of students since they have special needs to be attended to as opposed to the other normal students. In many learning institutions, these students tend to be overlooked since the relevant learning aids are not provided to them. As a result, poor performance by an able student or even a high achiever is witnessed and if this persists, the morale of the student declines and it may even result to dropping out of school. My physically challenged students must therefore be having learning aids such as braille for those who are visually impaired, hearing aids and translators for those with hearing problems. (Schulte, Villwock, Whichard & Stallings, 2001). My concern will be on ensuring that these students are not side lined in any way and that their performance rhymes with the effort that they put in their class work. I would as well encourage them to always sit in front whereby I can constantly monitor them and give the necessary assistance. There is another group of exceptional students that have been overlooked in many learning institutions. In a classroom of slow learners who are also treated to be exceptional students and low achievers, my concern will be to identify them through assigning regular exercises and continuous assessment test. Schulte, Villwock, Whichard & Stallings, 2001). Most of these students have lagged behind with great work load to cover, most of which they never accomplish. This then leads to failure and lack of self esteem among these students. I would address in full, every question that they ask and at their pace, give them remedial hours and more exercises so that they can perfect on them at their own time. This particular group of students needs a lot of encouragement since they may take a quite a lot of time before realizing that they are slow learners. There is also another exceptional group of students referred to as the high achievers or the gifted students. These are the students who are highly determined to know everything and grasp everything taught in class very fast. They might even at times challenge the teacher with questions. These particular students should be encouraged by assigning them much involving tasks that will seek to keep them busy. This breaks the boredom that they might experience when the teacher tries to assist the other students. They should be helped to set their realistic goals in their lives and also in ways of achieving them.

The Dos and Donts of Writing a Dissertation Conclusion

The Dos and Donts of Writing a Dissertation Conclusion The Dos and Don’ts of Writing a Dissertation Conclusion After years of hard work, dedicated research and sleepless nights, you’re finally close to finishing your dissertation. You’ve reviewed the literature, gathered and analyzed data, and reflected on the results. Well done. But what does it all mean? This is where the conclusion becomes crucial, as it allows you to summarize your work and its significance. Its therefore important that the conclusion to your dissertation is clear, concise and compelling. Here are a few â€Å"dos† and â€Å"don’ts† to keep in mind when writing your conclusion! DO†¦ 1. Summarize Your Argument A good conclusion will briefly restate your hypothesis, key findings and the implications of your research. This will help the reader to follow your argument as a whole, bringing together various elements raised during the discussion. 2. Put Your Work in Context The conclusion of your dissertation is a good place to restate the significance of your work. This might include how it contributes to existing knowledge in your field or its importance outside of academia. 3. Assess Limitations No study is perfect, not even yours! Sorry to break the bad news! On the plus side, you can discuss the limitations of your work at the end of your dissertation. Doing this will demonstrate your understanding of the research process. Issues you may want to consider include sample size and time constraints. 4. Identify Implications for Future Research Most dissertation conclusions include suggestions for how your work could inform future research. This could be a refinement of your own investigation, though it might also be a radical new idea suggested by your results! DON’T†¦ 1. Introduce New Material Although it’s fine to offer an opinion or reflection at the end of your dissertation, introducing new arguments or evidence at this point is forbidden. If something is important enough to include in the conclusion, it should be part of the main body of your paper. 2. Write Too Much Your conclusion should include a summary of what precedes it, but it isn’t necessary to go back over everything in depth. Try to make this chapter fairly snappy, relating what you have already read in an easily digestible way. 3. Keep Your Reader in Suspense Unlike an episode of Game of Thrones, you can’t finish your dissertation on a cliffhanger! In your research, you will have set out to answer certain questions. Make sure that you address these explicitly in your conclusion so that nothing is overlooked. If you follow these tips you should hopefully find writing that allimportant concluding chapter a much simpler process. But if you need any more support, the experts at Proofed will be happy to look over your work!

Advance vs. Advanced

Advance vs. Advanced Advance vs. Advanced Advance vs. Advanced By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked for a post on the incorrect use of advanced in the sense of advance. Both words are used with an assortment of meanings. This post will focus on only two: advance (adjective): provided or carried out in advance; prior. advanced (adjective): far on or ahead. The adjective advance is properly used in the following expressions: advance booking advance ticket sales advance publicity advance notice advance warning The adjective advanced is properly used in the following contexts: The king, who was advanced in years, busied himself with works of charity. (The king was old.) By the mid-5th century, it had become more common for  advanced thinkers  to reject traditional explanations of the world of nature. (The thinking of these people was more like that of thinkers farther on in history than that of 5th century contemporaries.) George is taking advanced classes in English and history this year. (The classes are more challenging [i.e., farther ahead] than regular classes in those subjects.) Junior’s vocabulary is more advanced than that of other six-year-olds. (Junior knows more words than most other children his age.) Here are some typical examples of the way in which advanced is used incorrectly in place of advance: ‘Divergent’ Heats up With Advanced Ticket Sales–headline, Variety. Correct: â€Å"Advance Ticket Sales† Advanced Ticket Sales for Seth Rogen’s ‘Neighbors’ Soar –headline, Hollywood Reporter. Correct: â€Å"Advance Ticket Sales† Hardy Considering Advanced Warning Flooding System –KAIT television station. Correct: â€Å"Advance Warning Flooding System.† Note: in the story that follows the headline, the system is referred to as â€Å"an early warning flooding system.† Clapper had advanced warning of data collection question –Daily Kos Correct: â€Å"advance warning† Most reservations are then confirmed with a 50% advanced deposit. – A vacation resort. Correct: â€Å"advance deposit† Give us at least 2 months advanced notice, full refund, less a $40 administrative fee. –A vacation resort. Correct: â€Å"advance notice† If you’re not sure if the word should be advance or advanced, test the meaning by substituting prior. If prior makes sense, advance is probably the word that fits the context. On the other hand, you can just use prior. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and Heteronyms7 Proofreading Steps

Climate Change and Deforestation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Climate Change and Deforestation - Essay Example The forests with the huge abundance of trees play a major role in maintaining the carbon cycle in the earth’s environmental system. Tress effectively maintains the carbon cycle through the conversion of carbon present in the atmosphere to form its body and operate its respiratory system. Henceforth the trees, which are large storehouses of natural carbon, emit such vehemently into the atmosphere on being cut down or being burnt (Forests Forever). The practice of deforestation in several countries at increasing level led to the growth of temperature of the climate in several regions like Canada, United States and Australia to name a few. During the period ranging from 1990 to 2010 huge changes in climatic temperatures were recorded in these countries, which would be compared to the deforestation activities taken place in these regions during the stated period. However a range of recent findings conducted by environmentalists reflect that the event of deforestation tends to have an inverse impact on the climatic temperatures. The large number of studies conducted show that from the prehistoric times till date a large number of forest reserves have been cut or burned down amounting to large scale deforestation. Still in comparison to the magnitude of deforestation the climatic temperature has risen insignificantly. On the contrary, the large amount of deforestation has culminated to the cooling of the surface temperature of the earth. ... However a range of recent findings conducted by environmentalists reflect that the event of deforestation tends to have an inverse impact on the climatic temperatures. The large number of studies conducted show that from the prehistoric times till date a large number of forest reserves have been cut or burned down amounting to large scale deforestation. Still in comparison to the magnitude of deforestation the climatic temperature has risen insignificantly. On the contrary, the large amount of deforestation has culminated to the cooling of the surface temperature of the earth. Studies made suggest that owing to deforestation the reflective index of the earth’s surface has increased which radiates the solar heat to the atmosphere. This effect is mainly responsible for the cooling of the earth’s surface. Further owing to the large amounts of deforestation activities the earth’s upper crust has considerably cooled which caused the emergence of the northern and south ern hemisphere. These regions because of the cool surface temperatures have become too cold to be totally covered by ice. Again the progress of the earth’s cooling activities made the ice packed regions to become denser by the event of their joining up to form a unified mass (Renssen, Goosse and Fichefet). Background Impact of Climate Change The phenomenon of climate change is expected to produce a diversified base of different factors, which would tend to alter the ecological balance of the earth’s natural atmosphere. Observation shows that a rise in the temperature of the global climate can contribute heavily in altering the events of rainfall or snowfall in the world. This in turn would affect the moisture contents of the soil textures important for plant growth. Further, a rise in the

Leaders of Contemporary Public Health Promotion Services Essay

Leaders of Contemporary Public Health Promotion Services - Essay Example The issue with obesity is already in the public consciousness. Yet, despite of the multitude of proposed solution on how to curb obesity, its incidence still continue to rise at an alarming rate. Clearly, the present approach proves to be ineffective because the epidemic still pervades and this poses a challenge to public health sector leadership in years ahead on how to effectively respond to this epidemic that poses serious health risk. Narcissism can be said as a silent epidemic because its symptoms are not obvious unlike obesity where we can readily see that a person is overweight. We can feel its ill effects such as overconfidence that leads to self-destruction but having difficulty on determining if such personality trait is already a disorder. Only until recently in a study made by Twenge and Campbell that they found out that the prevalence of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is already as pervasive as obesity. This is a unique epidemic among the younger and present generation because this is not pervasive among the older generation. People over the age of 65 had only three percent incidence of narcissm while it is 10 percent among people who are in their twenties (2009). What is more alarming with this epidemic is that it has not yet entered into the consciousness of the public mind and maybe even among health care practitioners. This poses as a greater problem because it is not recognized as an issue when it is already as pervasive as obesity. When NPD is not yet recognized as a problem, we would not know how to address the disorder that it will continue to affect unnoticed. This combined issues poses a challenge for the leaders and managers of the public health care sector over the next few years considering that they also have to address another type of epidemic that is as pervasive as obesity which is narcissism. Â  

Written Response to a poem (English Literature class) Essay

Written Response to a poem (English Literature class) - Essay Example are associated with images, the poet attempts to capture a sense of deep connection between himself and his audience that manages to transcend normal cultural or social bounds. While not all poetry is able to reach this level, Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"Dream Deferred† does. In this poem, Hughes uses simile and imagery to illustrate what happens to a human soul when it is blocked from being able to fulfill its dreams. In this poem, Hughes asks a series of questions that are heavy with simile and imagery as a means of answering his opening question, â€Å"what happens to a dream deferred?† Each question explores a different possible answer to this question by using similes to suggest what the results of these possibilities might be. The most basic definition of a simile is that it is a comparison between two things – objects or ideas – that uses the words ‘like’ or ‘as.’ The first possible response to having to defer one’s dreams is having the dream â€Å"dry up / like a raisin in the sun† (3-4). Since raisins are already dried and shriveled, a raisin in the sun is instantly understood to be something so dry and shriveled that it is no longer edible, making this an effective simile. Next, Hughes suggests that a dream deferred might â€Å"fester like a sore – / and then run† (4-5). This is a particularly unpleasant compariso n as it refers to first a wound and then a deep infection that goes untreated long enough to ooze. The third possibility suggests that the deferred dream might â€Å"stink like rotten meat / or crust and sugar over† (6-7). Like the raisin, this possibility suggests something that has lost all of its usefulness but it goes further because it also suggests that in becoming useless for positive benefits, it has also become actively negative as it rots and putrefies. A less visible but still tangible simile is suggested through the fourth possible reaction to a dream deferred as Hughes indicates it can be like a heavy load

Network System for Secure Communication

Network System for Secure Communication Methodology: The main methodology involved behind this research project is to provide the importance of such technology from professionals and well referred articles. Some of the general interviews will be added to the project with details showing their interest towards the current technology and also the change they see in communicating with the new technology. It on the hands of the components of IP Security that contribute to this level of secure communication: The IP Security (IPSec) Driver is used to monitor, filter, and secures the traffic throughout the system. The (ISAKMP/Oakley) abbreviated as Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol performs key exchange and management functions that oversee security issues between hosts, and provide keys which can be used with security algorithms. The IP Security Policy and the Security Associations are derived from those policies that define the security environment where two hosts can communicate. The function of Security Association API is to provide the interface between the IPSec driver, the Policy Agent and the ISAKMP. The function of the management tools is to create policies, monitor IP Security statistics, and log IP Security events. The main methodologies which are under consideration for this project are Classical encryption technologies, IP sec Tunnel, IP sec VPN, Internet Key Exchange methods, Block Cipher Data Encryption, Advanced Encryption, Symmetric ciphers, Public private key functions, Digital signature etc, which have suggested me to design a better system. Implementation: The main reason behind selecting IPSec is that it so powerful that it provides security to IP layer, and also forms the basis for all the other TCP/IP protocols. This is generally composed of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH); Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP); IPSec Implementation Methods: IPSec is comprised of several implementations architectures which are defined in RFC 2401. The IPSec implementation also depends on various factors including the version of IP used (v4 versus v6), the basic requirements of the application and other factors. End Host Implementation: Implementing IPSec in all host devices provides the most flexibility and security. It enables â€Å"end-to-end† security between any two devices on the network. Router Implementation: Router implementation however is a much simpler task since we only make changes to a few routers instead of hundreds or thousands of clients. It only provides protection between pairs of routers that implement IPSec, but this may be sufficient for certain applications such as virtual private networks (VPNs). The idea will be implemented after proper testing of various available methodologies. The current strategy for implementation is as follows:. We use certain open source softwares which provide encryption and decryption methods and authentication. In the actual system, the user is asked to enter details of files to be sent and also some other details about the password and the public keys if included. The required software are used in a way which helps to run a smooth process and secure operation. CONTENTS Acknowledgement I owe many thanks to people who helped supported me in doing my dissertation. Firstly, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my respected professor Mr. Dr. XXX, YYYY University, London for his support and motivation that has helped me to come up with this project. He supported me when its needed and suggested me in understanding various methodologies in my project. He also took care of my project with attention to achieve my goal. I thank to my Institution and faculty members for giving me an opportunity to do my dissertation and also for library, computer lab facilities for doing my dissertation to achieve practical results which can resolve my project related issues. I also extend my Heart full thanks to my family friends. I owe my special thanks to my Dad and his colleagues who gave me suggestions on doing my Dissertation. Abstract In the present system the network helps a particular organization to share the data by using external devices. The external devices are used to carry the data. The existing system cannot provide security, which allows an unauthorized user to access the secret files. It also cannot share a single costly printer. Many interrupts may occur within the system. Though it is advantageous we have numerous disadvantageous, somebody writes a program and can make the costly printer to misprint the data. Similarly some unauthorized user may get access over the network and may perform any illegal functions like deleting some of the sensitive information Security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information because he should not be able to understand whats the actual information in the file, which is the main intention of the project. The project is designed to protect the sensitive information while it is in transaction in the network. There are many chances that an unauthorized person can have an access over the network in some way and can access this sensitive information. My main topic focuses on IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is an extension to the IP protocol specified by IETF which provides security to the IP and the upper-layer protocols and cryptography in a network sharing system. It was first developed for the new IPv6 standard and then â€Å"back ported† to IPv4. The IPSec architecture is described in the IPSec uses two different protocols AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating security payload) to ensure the authentication, integrity and confidentiality of the communication. It uses strong cryptography to provide both authentication and encryption services. Authentication ensures that packets are from the right sender and have not been altered in transit. Encryption prevents unauthorised reading of packet contents. [2] Cryptography is the technique used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks showing network level performance practically by differentiating different operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any best available methodologies. 1. Introduction: Businesses today are focused on the importance of securing customer and business data. Increasing regulatory requirements are driving need for security of data. There have been many methods which have evolved over the years to address the need for security. Many of the methods are focused at the higher layers of the OSI protocol stack, thus compensating the IPs lack in resolving security issues. These solutions can be implemented in certain situations, but they cannot be generalized because they are particularly too many applications. For example, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) can be used for certain applications like World Wide Web access or FTP, but there are many other applications which cannot be resolved with this type of security. A solution is required to allow security at the IP level was very necessary so that all higher-layer protocols in TCP/IP could take advantage of it. When the decision was made to develop a new version of IP (IPv6), this was the golden opportunity to resolve not just the addressing problems in the older IPv4, but also resolve lack of security issues as well. Later a new security technology was developed with IPv6 in mind, but since IPv6 has taken long time to develop, and thus a solution was designed to be usable for both IPv4 and IPv6. The technology which brings a secure communications to the Internet Protocol is known as IP Security, commonly abbreviated as IPSec. IPSec services allow users to build secure tunnels through certain networks. All the data that passes through the entrusted net is encrypted by the IPSEC gateway machine and decrypted by the gateway at the other end. The result obtained is a Virtual Private Network or VPN. This network is effectively private even though it includes machines at several different sites which are connected by the insecure Internet. Cryptography technique is used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques which are used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The Encryption and Decryption are termed as two powerful security technologies that are widely implemented to protect the data from loss and deliberate compromise. In this project the networking allows the company to share files or data without using certain external devices. Some unauthorized users may get access over the network and perform some illegal functions in certain cases like deleting files while the transaction is still on at that time encryption and then decryption techniques are implemented to secure the data. Many other attacks in cryptography are considered which lead me to research on different types of IPSec implementation methodologies in order to design the best model such that it may be suitable for the present trend of networking systems also form a platform to enable communication to the outside world. Thus in orders to implement IPSec, certain modifications are required to the systems communications routines and certain new systems processes conduct secret key negotiations. What is IPSec? An extension to the IP protocol is considered as IPSec which provides high level security to the IP and to the upper-layer protocols. This was initially developed for the new IPv6 standard and then was back ported to IPv4. IPSec provides the following security services: data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, replay protection, data confidentiality, limited traffic flow confidentiality, and key negotiation and management. It has been made mandatory by the IETF for the use of IPSec wherever feasible; the standards documents are close to completion, and there are numerous implementations. Overview of IPSec Architecture: The IPSec suite defined as a framework of open standards. The following protocols are used by IPSec to perform various functions. [2][3] IPSec provides three main facilities which are explained below: Internet key exchange(IKE and IKEv2) : This is used to set up a security association (SA) which can be done by handling negotiation of protocols and algorithms and generating the encryption and authentication keys which can be used by IPSec.[4][5] Authentication Header (AH): This is used to provide connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP datagrams and also provides protection against replay attacks.[6][7] Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): This is used to provide confidentiality, data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, anti-replay service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. [9] Both authentication and encryption are generally desired in this mechanism. Assure that unauthorized users do not penetrate the virtual private network Assure that eavesdroppers on the Internet cannot read messages sent over the virtual private network. Since both the above features are generally desirable, most implementations are likely to use ESP rather than AH. Security Association: The security Association mechanism is used for authentication (AH) and confidentiality (ESP) A one way relationship between a sender and a receiver that affords security services to the traffic carried on it. Security services are afforded to an SA for the use of AH or ESP but not both. SA identified by three parameters: Security Parameter Index (SPI) IP destination address Security protocol identifier Overview of IPSec Services and Functions: IPSec is not only assumed as a single protocol, but is rather considered as a set of services and protocols which provide a complete security solution to the IP network. These services and protocols are combined to provide various types of protection. Since IPSec usually works at the IP layer, it provides protection for any higher layer TCP/IP application or protocol without using any additional security methods, which is considered as a major strength for its implementation. General types of protection services offered by IPSec include: Encryption of user data to achieve privacy. Authentication and message integrity has to be achieved to ensure that it is not changed on route. Protection against certain types of security attacks, such as replay attacks. The ability of the devices to negotiate the security algorithms and keys required in order to meet their security needs. wo security modes called tunnel and transport are implemented to meet the various network needs. Features Benefits: IPSec is observed to be transparent by the end users. The users on the security mechanisms need not be trained. IPSec assures security measures for individuals. There is no requirement to change the software on a user or a server system. Strong security measures are applied to the entire traffic crossing the perimeter. 2. Objective: IPSec is mostly designed in order to encrypt the data between the two systems without any spoofing attacks. It is a key force of defence against internal and external attacks. However, other than these, there are many other security strategies which have prevented the security attacks. The main idea in my research is to provide a better approach to the implementation of IP Security by analyzing the present methodologies. In the implementation of this design, I am also considering different operating systems to provide a better approach towards security which can prove to be good in ideal ways. The design of such an approach is helpful in restricting any unauthorised access to the network and also helps in providing a secure and authenticated access. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks independent of the operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any two best available methodologies. In my overview of RFCs available in the Internet such as Cryptography the receiver end of a particular communication channel is not aware of the sender unless the sender transmits some information with private and public keys with cipher text which can prove his authenticity. Now the receiver sends the same package with his signature and then the receiver is also authenticated mutually. Attacks may occur in different ways. There are also many ways where in such communications can be detected and using techniques like eavesdropping or sniffing or man in the middle attack. These are the three major problems for secure communications. In my research, I will attempt to design a procedure which can be easily followed in order to overcome such problems. There are many techniques available now which are better than normal communication. The major problem in such techniques is the implementation of man in the middle attack. There have been many advances to try and rectify the problems but there has always been a flaw in the design. My research is to design a system using the current technologies used to encrypt and authenticate. These techniques play a major role in the implementation of IP Security. The major interest would be in areas like encryption, decryption and authentication. Additions will be done to this research as it is implemented. The goal is to use research existing systems and to suggest a system which makes it even hard to break. It is not 100% immune to attacks but the attack may take longer to break the system than the present rate. This system will also be very safe and will be easy to use in daily life rather than something with a dozen processing steps to be followed. 2.2 SCOPE With the rapid development of Multimedia data management technologies over the internet there is need to concern about the internet there is need to concern about the security and privacy of information. In multimedia document, dissipation and sharing of data is becoming a common practice for internet based application and enterprises. As the internet forms the open source the present for all users security Forms the critical issue. Hence the transfer of information over the internet forms the critical issue. At the present situations the cryptographic techniques are used for providing ‘SECURITY. 2.3 PROJECT PERSPECTIVE The project â€Å"Network system for Secure Communication† is totally enhanced with the features that enable us to feel the real-time environment. Todays world is mostly employing the latest networking techniques instead of using stand-alone PCs. IPSec tunnelling or Encryption, information scrambling technology is an important security tool. By properly applying, it can provide a secure communication channel even when the underlying system and network infrastructure is not secure. This is particularly important when data passes through the shared systems or network segments where multiple people may have access to the information. In these situations, sensitive data and especially passwords should be encrypted in order to protect it from unintended disclosure or modification. 2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM In this system ‘security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information, The proposed system provides the ‘security and it does not allow unauthorized users to access the secret files. As per the ISO standards the security parameters are: Confidentiality Authentication Integrity Key distribution Access control CONFIDENTIALITY: Confidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. It can protect the data from unauthorized disclosure. AUTHENTICATION: A process used to verify the integrity of the transmitted data, especially a message. It is the process of proving ones identity to someone else. INTEGRITY: The sender and the receiver want to ensure that the content of their communication is not altered during transmission. KEY DISTRIBUTION: Key distribution can be defined as a term that refers to means of delivering a key to the communicating parties, without allowing others to see the key. ACCESS CONTROL: It is a ability to limit and control the access to host systems and applications via communication links. 3.Literature Review This project emphasis design and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate process and tools. Most of the industry wide routers in the network implement their functionality in hardware and therefore we believe that hardware based routers are more efficient than a software-based router implementation besides that most of the work is in the research community which will be performed, using software-based routers utilizing off-the-shelf PCs. Various works have to be attempted which evaluates different protocol stack, however none of them use hardware-based routers, has such a wide range of metrics, and none investigated mechanisms. My research methodology emphasis surveys, forums from the internet and articles from IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersorIEEE) a quantitative approach in advance technology. I also consider various other thesis and books which are best suitable for my project. Here following are the network related definitions, and few protocols from application layer, network and internet layer also discussed which actually gives clear idea of understanding the concepts. 3.1 IPSec Standards: IPSec is actually a collection of techniques and protocols; it is not defined in a single Internet standard. Instead, a collection of RFCs defines the architecture, services and specific protocols used in IPSec. Some of the most important of these are shown below: [RFC 2401] Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (IPSec overview) The main IPSec document describes the architecture and general operation of the technology, and showing how the different components fit together. [RFC 2402] IP Authentication Header It defines the IPSec Authentication Header (AH) protocol used for ensuring data integrity and origin verification. [RFC 2403] The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Message Digest 5 (MD5), HMAC variant. [RFC 2404] The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), HMAC variant. [RFC 2406] IP Encapsulating and Security payload (ESP) It describes the IPSec Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) protocol that provides data encryption for confidentiality. [RFC 2408] Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) It defines methods for exchanging keys and negotiating security associations. [RFC 2409] The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Describes the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol used to negotiate security associations and exchange keys between devices for secure communications. It is based on ISAKMP and OAKLEY. [RFC 2412] The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol It describes a generic protocol for key exchange. [RFC 2131] Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address automatically, as well as to learn additional information about subnet mask, the address of its first-hop router, and the address of its local DNS server. [RFC 2131; RFC 3022] Network Address Translation (NAT)- In an attempt to provide transparent routing to hosts, NAT devices are used to connect an isolated address realm with private unregistered addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses. Domain Name System (DNS): It is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various other information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS): It is Microsofts implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively WINS is to NetBIOS names, like DNS is to domain names in fact its a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like DNS it is broken into two parts, a Server Service (that manages the encoded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP Client component which manages the clients registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries. VPN (Virtual Private Network) : It is a virtual computer network that exists over the top of an existing network. The purpose of a VPN is to allow communications between systems connected to the VPN using an existing shared network infrastructure as the transport, without the VPN network being aware of the existence of the underlying network backbone or without the VPN interfering with other network traffic on the backbone. A VPN between two networks is often referred to as a VPN Tunnel. Most VPN technologies can be separated into two broad categories, Secure VPNs and Trusted VPNs. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): It is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol was the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460. IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. Due to its security and flexibility entire Internet will be deployed byIPv6 in 2012 as expected. Tunnelling: In computer networks tunnelling protocol (delivery protocol) encapsulates the different payload protocol i.e., It carries a payload over an incompatible delivery-network. It can also provide a secure path through an untrusted network without any data loss. Transport Layer Security (TLS): Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security for communications over networks such as the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Transport Layer end-to-end. Encryption: In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text). In many contexts, the word encryption also implicitly refers to the reverse process, decryption. Internet Key Exchange: Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPSec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties. 4.IPSec System Architecture Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload are commonly called â€Å"protocols†, though this is another case where the validity of this term is debatable. They are not really distinct protocols but are implemented as headers that are inserted into IP datagrams, as we will see. They thus do the â€Å"grunt work† of IPSec, and can be used together to provide both authentication and privacy. IPSec protocols: The IPSec protocol family consists of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP). Both these protocols are independent IP. AH is the IP protocol 51 and ESP is the IP protocol 50 Authentication Header: This is a member of the IPSec protocol suite. Authentication Header provides connectionless data integrity and data origin authentication of IP packets. Further, it can also provide protection against the replay attacks by using the sliding window technique and by discarding the old packets. Authentication Header also gives protection for the IP payload and all the header fields of an IP datagram. AH generally operates on the stop of IP, by using the IP protocol number 51. An AH packet diagram is shown below which describes how an AH packet can be constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Next header: This field is an 8-bit field that mainly identifies the type of the next payload obtained after the Authentication Header. The value of this field can be chosen from the set of defined IP Protocol Numbers. RESERVED These fields are usually reserved for the future use. Payload length This defines the size of Authentication Header packet. Sequence number This field represents a monotonically increasing number which is used to prevent certain replay attacks. Security parameters index (SPI) This field is used to identify the security parameters, in combination with the IP address, and then identify the security association techniques implemented with this packet. Authentication data This field contains the integrity check value (ICV) which is necessary to authenticate the packet. This field may also contain padding. Encapsulating Security Payload: ESP which can be expanded as Encapsulating Security Payload is a member belonging of the IPSec protocol suite. IPSec achieves integrity, origin authenticity, and confidentiality protection of packets. This protocol also supports encryption-only and authentication-only configurations. However usage of only encryption technique without authentication is not recommended because it is termed insecure. ESP does not protect the IP packet header like the Authentication Header (AH) does. The packet diagram below shows how an ESP packet is constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Security paramete Network System for Secure Communication Network System for Secure Communication Methodology: The main methodology involved behind this research project is to provide the importance of such technology from professionals and well referred articles. Some of the general interviews will be added to the project with details showing their interest towards the current technology and also the change they see in communicating with the new technology. It on the hands of the components of IP Security that contribute to this level of secure communication: The IP Security (IPSec) Driver is used to monitor, filter, and secures the traffic throughout the system. The (ISAKMP/Oakley) abbreviated as Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol performs key exchange and management functions that oversee security issues between hosts, and provide keys which can be used with security algorithms. The IP Security Policy and the Security Associations are derived from those policies that define the security environment where two hosts can communicate. The function of Security Association API is to provide the interface between the IPSec driver, the Policy Agent and the ISAKMP. The function of the management tools is to create policies, monitor IP Security statistics, and log IP Security events. The main methodologies which are under consideration for this project are Classical encryption technologies, IP sec Tunnel, IP sec VPN, Internet Key Exchange methods, Block Cipher Data Encryption, Advanced Encryption, Symmetric ciphers, Public private key functions, Digital signature etc, which have suggested me to design a better system. Implementation: The main reason behind selecting IPSec is that it so powerful that it provides security to IP layer, and also forms the basis for all the other TCP/IP protocols. This is generally composed of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH); Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP); IPSec Implementation Methods: IPSec is comprised of several implementations architectures which are defined in RFC 2401. The IPSec implementation also depends on various factors including the version of IP used (v4 versus v6), the basic requirements of the application and other factors. End Host Implementation: Implementing IPSec in all host devices provides the most flexibility and security. It enables â€Å"end-to-end† security between any two devices on the network. Router Implementation: Router implementation however is a much simpler task since we only make changes to a few routers instead of hundreds or thousands of clients. It only provides protection between pairs of routers that implement IPSec, but this may be sufficient for certain applications such as virtual private networks (VPNs). The idea will be implemented after proper testing of various available methodologies. The current strategy for implementation is as follows:. We use certain open source softwares which provide encryption and decryption methods and authentication. In the actual system, the user is asked to enter details of files to be sent and also some other details about the password and the public keys if included. The required software are used in a way which helps to run a smooth process and secure operation. CONTENTS Acknowledgement I owe many thanks to people who helped supported me in doing my dissertation. Firstly, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my respected professor Mr. Dr. XXX, YYYY University, London for his support and motivation that has helped me to come up with this project. He supported me when its needed and suggested me in understanding various methodologies in my project. He also took care of my project with attention to achieve my goal. I thank to my Institution and faculty members for giving me an opportunity to do my dissertation and also for library, computer lab facilities for doing my dissertation to achieve practical results which can resolve my project related issues. I also extend my Heart full thanks to my family friends. I owe my special thanks to my Dad and his colleagues who gave me suggestions on doing my Dissertation. Abstract In the present system the network helps a particular organization to share the data by using external devices. The external devices are used to carry the data. The existing system cannot provide security, which allows an unauthorized user to access the secret files. It also cannot share a single costly printer. Many interrupts may occur within the system. Though it is advantageous we have numerous disadvantageous, somebody writes a program and can make the costly printer to misprint the data. Similarly some unauthorized user may get access over the network and may perform any illegal functions like deleting some of the sensitive information Security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information because he should not be able to understand whats the actual information in the file, which is the main intention of the project. The project is designed to protect the sensitive information while it is in transaction in the network. There are many chances that an unauthorized person can have an access over the network in some way and can access this sensitive information. My main topic focuses on IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is an extension to the IP protocol specified by IETF which provides security to the IP and the upper-layer protocols and cryptography in a network sharing system. It was first developed for the new IPv6 standard and then â€Å"back ported† to IPv4. The IPSec architecture is described in the IPSec uses two different protocols AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating security payload) to ensure the authentication, integrity and confidentiality of the communication. It uses strong cryptography to provide both authentication and encryption services. Authentication ensures that packets are from the right sender and have not been altered in transit. Encryption prevents unauthorised reading of packet contents. [2] Cryptography is the technique used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks showing network level performance practically by differentiating different operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any best available methodologies. 1. Introduction: Businesses today are focused on the importance of securing customer and business data. Increasing regulatory requirements are driving need for security of data. There have been many methods which have evolved over the years to address the need for security. Many of the methods are focused at the higher layers of the OSI protocol stack, thus compensating the IPs lack in resolving security issues. These solutions can be implemented in certain situations, but they cannot be generalized because they are particularly too many applications. For example, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) can be used for certain applications like World Wide Web access or FTP, but there are many other applications which cannot be resolved with this type of security. A solution is required to allow security at the IP level was very necessary so that all higher-layer protocols in TCP/IP could take advantage of it. When the decision was made to develop a new version of IP (IPv6), this was the golden opportunity to resolve not just the addressing problems in the older IPv4, but also resolve lack of security issues as well. Later a new security technology was developed with IPv6 in mind, but since IPv6 has taken long time to develop, and thus a solution was designed to be usable for both IPv4 and IPv6. The technology which brings a secure communications to the Internet Protocol is known as IP Security, commonly abbreviated as IPSec. IPSec services allow users to build secure tunnels through certain networks. All the data that passes through the entrusted net is encrypted by the IPSEC gateway machine and decrypted by the gateway at the other end. The result obtained is a Virtual Private Network or VPN. This network is effectively private even though it includes machines at several different sites which are connected by the insecure Internet. Cryptography technique is used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques which are used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The Encryption and Decryption are termed as two powerful security technologies that are widely implemented to protect the data from loss and deliberate compromise. In this project the networking allows the company to share files or data without using certain external devices. Some unauthorized users may get access over the network and perform some illegal functions in certain cases like deleting files while the transaction is still on at that time encryption and then decryption techniques are implemented to secure the data. Many other attacks in cryptography are considered which lead me to research on different types of IPSec implementation methodologies in order to design the best model such that it may be suitable for the present trend of networking systems also form a platform to enable communication to the outside world. Thus in orders to implement IPSec, certain modifications are required to the systems communications routines and certain new systems processes conduct secret key negotiations. What is IPSec? An extension to the IP protocol is considered as IPSec which provides high level security to the IP and to the upper-layer protocols. This was initially developed for the new IPv6 standard and then was back ported to IPv4. IPSec provides the following security services: data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, replay protection, data confidentiality, limited traffic flow confidentiality, and key negotiation and management. It has been made mandatory by the IETF for the use of IPSec wherever feasible; the standards documents are close to completion, and there are numerous implementations. Overview of IPSec Architecture: The IPSec suite defined as a framework of open standards. The following protocols are used by IPSec to perform various functions. [2][3] IPSec provides three main facilities which are explained below: Internet key exchange(IKE and IKEv2) : This is used to set up a security association (SA) which can be done by handling negotiation of protocols and algorithms and generating the encryption and authentication keys which can be used by IPSec.[4][5] Authentication Header (AH): This is used to provide connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP datagrams and also provides protection against replay attacks.[6][7] Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): This is used to provide confidentiality, data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, anti-replay service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. [9] Both authentication and encryption are generally desired in this mechanism. Assure that unauthorized users do not penetrate the virtual private network Assure that eavesdroppers on the Internet cannot read messages sent over the virtual private network. Since both the above features are generally desirable, most implementations are likely to use ESP rather than AH. Security Association: The security Association mechanism is used for authentication (AH) and confidentiality (ESP) A one way relationship between a sender and a receiver that affords security services to the traffic carried on it. Security services are afforded to an SA for the use of AH or ESP but not both. SA identified by three parameters: Security Parameter Index (SPI) IP destination address Security protocol identifier Overview of IPSec Services and Functions: IPSec is not only assumed as a single protocol, but is rather considered as a set of services and protocols which provide a complete security solution to the IP network. These services and protocols are combined to provide various types of protection. Since IPSec usually works at the IP layer, it provides protection for any higher layer TCP/IP application or protocol without using any additional security methods, which is considered as a major strength for its implementation. General types of protection services offered by IPSec include: Encryption of user data to achieve privacy. Authentication and message integrity has to be achieved to ensure that it is not changed on route. Protection against certain types of security attacks, such as replay attacks. The ability of the devices to negotiate the security algorithms and keys required in order to meet their security needs. wo security modes called tunnel and transport are implemented to meet the various network needs. Features Benefits: IPSec is observed to be transparent by the end users. The users on the security mechanisms need not be trained. IPSec assures security measures for individuals. There is no requirement to change the software on a user or a server system. Strong security measures are applied to the entire traffic crossing the perimeter. 2. Objective: IPSec is mostly designed in order to encrypt the data between the two systems without any spoofing attacks. It is a key force of defence against internal and external attacks. However, other than these, there are many other security strategies which have prevented the security attacks. The main idea in my research is to provide a better approach to the implementation of IP Security by analyzing the present methodologies. In the implementation of this design, I am also considering different operating systems to provide a better approach towards security which can prove to be good in ideal ways. The design of such an approach is helpful in restricting any unauthorised access to the network and also helps in providing a secure and authenticated access. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks independent of the operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any two best available methodologies. In my overview of RFCs available in the Internet such as Cryptography the receiver end of a particular communication channel is not aware of the sender unless the sender transmits some information with private and public keys with cipher text which can prove his authenticity. Now the receiver sends the same package with his signature and then the receiver is also authenticated mutually. Attacks may occur in different ways. There are also many ways where in such communications can be detected and using techniques like eavesdropping or sniffing or man in the middle attack. These are the three major problems for secure communications. In my research, I will attempt to design a procedure which can be easily followed in order to overcome such problems. There are many techniques available now which are better than normal communication. The major problem in such techniques is the implementation of man in the middle attack. There have been many advances to try and rectify the problems but there has always been a flaw in the design. My research is to design a system using the current technologies used to encrypt and authenticate. These techniques play a major role in the implementation of IP Security. The major interest would be in areas like encryption, decryption and authentication. Additions will be done to this research as it is implemented. The goal is to use research existing systems and to suggest a system which makes it even hard to break. It is not 100% immune to attacks but the attack may take longer to break the system than the present rate. This system will also be very safe and will be easy to use in daily life rather than something with a dozen processing steps to be followed. 2.2 SCOPE With the rapid development of Multimedia data management technologies over the internet there is need to concern about the internet there is need to concern about the security and privacy of information. In multimedia document, dissipation and sharing of data is becoming a common practice for internet based application and enterprises. As the internet forms the open source the present for all users security Forms the critical issue. Hence the transfer of information over the internet forms the critical issue. At the present situations the cryptographic techniques are used for providing ‘SECURITY. 2.3 PROJECT PERSPECTIVE The project â€Å"Network system for Secure Communication† is totally enhanced with the features that enable us to feel the real-time environment. Todays world is mostly employing the latest networking techniques instead of using stand-alone PCs. IPSec tunnelling or Encryption, information scrambling technology is an important security tool. By properly applying, it can provide a secure communication channel even when the underlying system and network infrastructure is not secure. This is particularly important when data passes through the shared systems or network segments where multiple people may have access to the information. In these situations, sensitive data and especially passwords should be encrypted in order to protect it from unintended disclosure or modification. 2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM In this system ‘security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information, The proposed system provides the ‘security and it does not allow unauthorized users to access the secret files. As per the ISO standards the security parameters are: Confidentiality Authentication Integrity Key distribution Access control CONFIDENTIALITY: Confidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. It can protect the data from unauthorized disclosure. AUTHENTICATION: A process used to verify the integrity of the transmitted data, especially a message. It is the process of proving ones identity to someone else. INTEGRITY: The sender and the receiver want to ensure that the content of their communication is not altered during transmission. KEY DISTRIBUTION: Key distribution can be defined as a term that refers to means of delivering a key to the communicating parties, without allowing others to see the key. ACCESS CONTROL: It is a ability to limit and control the access to host systems and applications via communication links. 3.Literature Review This project emphasis design and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate process and tools. Most of the industry wide routers in the network implement their functionality in hardware and therefore we believe that hardware based routers are more efficient than a software-based router implementation besides that most of the work is in the research community which will be performed, using software-based routers utilizing off-the-shelf PCs. Various works have to be attempted which evaluates different protocol stack, however none of them use hardware-based routers, has such a wide range of metrics, and none investigated mechanisms. My research methodology emphasis surveys, forums from the internet and articles from IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersorIEEE) a quantitative approach in advance technology. I also consider various other thesis and books which are best suitable for my project. Here following are the network related definitions, and few protocols from application layer, network and internet layer also discussed which actually gives clear idea of understanding the concepts. 3.1 IPSec Standards: IPSec is actually a collection of techniques and protocols; it is not defined in a single Internet standard. Instead, a collection of RFCs defines the architecture, services and specific protocols used in IPSec. Some of the most important of these are shown below: [RFC 2401] Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (IPSec overview) The main IPSec document describes the architecture and general operation of the technology, and showing how the different components fit together. [RFC 2402] IP Authentication Header It defines the IPSec Authentication Header (AH) protocol used for ensuring data integrity and origin verification. [RFC 2403] The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Message Digest 5 (MD5), HMAC variant. [RFC 2404] The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), HMAC variant. [RFC 2406] IP Encapsulating and Security payload (ESP) It describes the IPSec Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) protocol that provides data encryption for confidentiality. [RFC 2408] Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) It defines methods for exchanging keys and negotiating security associations. [RFC 2409] The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Describes the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol used to negotiate security associations and exchange keys between devices for secure communications. It is based on ISAKMP and OAKLEY. [RFC 2412] The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol It describes a generic protocol for key exchange. [RFC 2131] Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address automatically, as well as to learn additional information about subnet mask, the address of its first-hop router, and the address of its local DNS server. [RFC 2131; RFC 3022] Network Address Translation (NAT)- In an attempt to provide transparent routing to hosts, NAT devices are used to connect an isolated address realm with private unregistered addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses. Domain Name System (DNS): It is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various other information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS): It is Microsofts implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively WINS is to NetBIOS names, like DNS is to domain names in fact its a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like DNS it is broken into two parts, a Server Service (that manages the encoded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP Client component which manages the clients registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries. VPN (Virtual Private Network) : It is a virtual computer network that exists over the top of an existing network. The purpose of a VPN is to allow communications between systems connected to the VPN using an existing shared network infrastructure as the transport, without the VPN network being aware of the existence of the underlying network backbone or without the VPN interfering with other network traffic on the backbone. A VPN between two networks is often referred to as a VPN Tunnel. Most VPN technologies can be separated into two broad categories, Secure VPNs and Trusted VPNs. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): It is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol was the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460. IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. Due to its security and flexibility entire Internet will be deployed byIPv6 in 2012 as expected. Tunnelling: In computer networks tunnelling protocol (delivery protocol) encapsulates the different payload protocol i.e., It carries a payload over an incompatible delivery-network. It can also provide a secure path through an untrusted network without any data loss. Transport Layer Security (TLS): Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security for communications over networks such as the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Transport Layer end-to-end. Encryption: In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text). In many contexts, the word encryption also implicitly refers to the reverse process, decryption. Internet Key Exchange: Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPSec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties. 4.IPSec System Architecture Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload are commonly called â€Å"protocols†, though this is another case where the validity of this term is debatable. They are not really distinct protocols but are implemented as headers that are inserted into IP datagrams, as we will see. They thus do the â€Å"grunt work† of IPSec, and can be used together to provide both authentication and privacy. IPSec protocols: The IPSec protocol family consists of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP). Both these protocols are independent IP. AH is the IP protocol 51 and ESP is the IP protocol 50 Authentication Header: This is a member of the IPSec protocol suite. Authentication Header provides connectionless data integrity and data origin authentication of IP packets. Further, it can also provide protection against the replay attacks by using the sliding window technique and by discarding the old packets. Authentication Header also gives protection for the IP payload and all the header fields of an IP datagram. AH generally operates on the stop of IP, by using the IP protocol number 51. An AH packet diagram is shown below which describes how an AH packet can be constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Next header: This field is an 8-bit field that mainly identifies the type of the next payload obtained after the Authentication Header. The value of this field can be chosen from the set of defined IP Protocol Numbers. RESERVED These fields are usually reserved for the future use. Payload length This defines the size of Authentication Header packet. Sequence number This field represents a monotonically increasing number which is used to prevent certain replay attacks. Security parameters index (SPI) This field is used to identify the security parameters, in combination with the IP address, and then identify the security association techniques implemented with this packet. Authentication data This field contains the integrity check value (ICV) which is necessary to authenticate the packet. This field may also contain padding. Encapsulating Security Payload: ESP which can be expanded as Encapsulating Security Payload is a member belonging of the IPSec protocol suite. IPSec achieves integrity, origin authenticity, and confidentiality protection of packets. This protocol also supports encryption-only and authentication-only configurations. However usage of only encryption technique without authentication is not recommended because it is termed insecure. ESP does not protect the IP packet header like the Authentication Header (AH) does. The packet diagram below shows how an ESP packet is constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Security paramete